Every city.

Expand arsenic monitoring for natural volcanic sources; increase source spring redundancy

Gvendarbrunnar springs and Árnarnes springs (Hei

Continue investment in desalination to reduce Malaysian water dependency to zero. Develop regional PFAS and microplastic standards for Southeast Asia. Publish full NEWater parameter testing results publicly.

Four National Taps: local catchment (17 reservoi

Maintain current excellence. Publish PFAS data using EU 2026 threshold. Continue catchment protection as climate stress increases.

Feitsui Reservoir (Beishi River) + Zhitan Water

Define and enforce EU-aligned microplastic limits; complete pipe replacement program in pre-war districts.

Lake Maridalen and Lake Lutvann

Complete Geneva Airport PFAS soil remediation; monitor Lake Léman phosphorus trends under climate warming

Lake Geneva (Lac Léman)

Develop emergency backup water supply; consider UV as primary disinfection to eliminate chloramine taste.

Lake Päijänne via the 120km Päijänne Water Tunne

Maintain desalination plant operational readiness; monitor climate-driven catchment shifts and establish trigger thresholds for increased desalination use. Develop Yarra catchment climate resilience model for 2040–2070 yield scenarios. Extend lower Yarra River swimming-safe remediation programme with defined completion date. Complete lead pipe vulnerability mapping in pre-1989 buildings to address soft water corrosion risk. Continue ACIC wastewater monitoring expansion to quarterly granularity for all 58 sites.

Thomson Reservoir (primary

Commission independent analysis of Hetch Hetchy ecological restoration feasibility with climate-adjusted water supply modeling. Mandate at-tap lead testing in pre-1986 buildings with results published by address. Increase Navy PFAS remediation timelines at Treasure Island and Hunters Point. Fund wastewater-based epidemiology program to track drug crisis indicators for public health response.

Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park

Transition desalination to renewable energy. Remediate coastal aquifer from saltwater intrusion. Address West Bank supply discrimination as a human rights requirement.

80% desalinated Mediterranean seawater (Sorek

Recognise Tsleil-Waututh, Squamish, and Musqueam co-governance rights over their traditional watershed territories. Increase investment in BC's toxic drug crisis as a public health response — drug-checking services, prescribed safer supply, overdose prevention sites. Model water sovereignty governance on First Nations co-management principles.

Capilano

Model Austrian alpine water governance for other European capitals. Accelerate climate adaptation planning for alpine snowpack reduction scenarios. Consider fluoridation programme for public dental health.

Alpine springs: Hochquellwasserleitung I (Styria

Advocate Swiss PFAS and micropollutant standards as the EU baseline. Publish Eawag long-term monitoring data in open-access international formats. Increase climate adaptation investment for Lake Zurich warming scenarios.

Lake Zurich (70%) and 30+ mountain springs and g

Resolve PFAS legacy contamination at source sites with binding remediation timelines. Review desalination take-or-pay contracts for climate-adaptive flexibility. Strengthen First Nations co-management of Brisbane River catchments.

Wivenhoe Dam and Somerset Dam on the Brisbane Ri

Accelerate lead pipe replacement in pre-1950 tenement buildings; implement fluoridation; strengthen post-Brexit regulatory alignment with EU water standards; expand pharmaceutical monitoring programme; publish real-time distribution data.

Talla and Fruid reservoirs

Define and enforce microplastic limits. Fund complete replacement of PFAS-affected aquifer remediation in Mälaren tributaries.

Lake Mälaren via Norsborg & Lovö treatment plant

Formally resolve the Yokota PFAS contamination with the US Department of Defence. Accelerate outer-ward pipe renewal. Publish real-time data in English and other languages for Tokyo's international population.

Tama River (50%)

Fund PFAS treatment to meet EPA 4 ng/L MCL. Formalise Snoqualmie co-management of Cedar Watershed. Accelerate lead service line replacement in pre-1986 residential connections. Publish real-time PFAS monitoring data.

Cedar River Watershed (protected old-growth fore

Mandate 100% renewable energy for desalination by 2035. Implement binding per-capita consumption targets. Publish real-time chloride and sodium monitoring data. Develop non-Gulf water source contingency. Commit to climate resilience planning with independent review.

MSF + RO desalination of Arabian Gulf seawater v

Address catchment nitrate from alpine farming; consider water softening at treatment stage.

Mangfall valley Alpine springs (75%) and Upper I

Implement Māori co-governance of Waitākere Ranges and Hunua Ranges catchments as required under Treaty obligations — formal partnership with Tāmaki Makaurau iwi. Revisit 2020 cannabis referendum result — align drug policy with public health evidence to reduce illegal supply chain risks. Accelerate PFAS monitoring baseline establishment for pre-2022 gap. Mandate Te Reo Māori water quality communications — wai reporting in te reo alongside English. Increase Waikato River supplementation capacity for climate-driven drought resilience.

Waitākere Ranges

Publish Chingaza climate vulnerability assessment. Implement advanced oxidation for pharmaceutical trace removal. Extend continuous supply to periphery. Complete Río Bogotá remediation.

Chingaza System (Andean páramo ecosystem

Build structural climate resilience — desalination and managed aquifer recharge. Don't rely on drought-year civic heroism. Upgrade Cape Flats distribution pressure.

Theewaterskloof Dam (primary) + Voëlvlei

Establish binding Osaka-Shiga inter-prefectural Lake Biwa water quality treaty with enforceable nitrogen and phosphorus targets. Adopt EU DWD 2026 PFAS total-sum standard as Japan national guideline. Expand wastewater-based epidemiology program for public health decision-making. Shift methamphetamine policy toward health-based model — NPA criminal data and water chemistry both indicate persistent endemic use requiring treatment, not only enforcement.

Yodo River (via Lake Biwa

Extend wine country agricultural pesticide monitoring upstream in the Douro catchment. Implement lead pipe survey and replacement programme in pre-1970 Porto building stock. Adopt EU Directive 2020/2184 PFAS monitoring protocols ahead of 2026 deadline. Invest in advanced WWTP treatment for pharmaceutical micropollutant removal from Douro river effluents.

Douro River (primary) + Crestuma-Lever reservoir

Reform 1981 Water Code to establish climate-responsive allocation. Mandate environmental minimum flows on Maipo. Invest in advanced pharmaceutical treatment. Plan for Andean glacier retreat water security.

Maipo River (Andean snowmelt) + El Yeso Reservoi

Commission formal climate-vulnerability assessment for artesian recharge zones. Establish binding nitrate buffer zones around key borehole catchment areas. Accelerate asbestos-cement pipe replacement programme in older districts.

Artesian groundwater from Quaternary and Upper C

Invest in climate-resilient water storage as Attica experiences increasing drought frequency. Mandate real-time public water quality data. Accelerate distribution pipe replacement in central Athens. Establish Mornos and Yliki watershed as legally protected areas.

Mornos reservoir (60%

Set binding nitrate reduction targets for Mark Brandenburg agriculture. Fund advanced PFAS treatment at affected waterworks. Mandate lead plumbing survey in pre-1973 buildings and provide subsidised replacement.

100% groundwater from nine waterworks across the

Accelerate pipe replacement in outer districts; strengthen Danube basin PFAS monitoring and upstream advocacy; publish real-time water quality data for all districts.

Danube riverbank filtration (Csepel Island

Accelerate lead service line replacement on environmental justice grounds — prioritize South and West Side neighborhoods first, not last. Mandate at-tap lead testing with results published by address. Increase Great Lakes microplastics monitoring. Align Chicago PFAS reporting with EU DWD 2026 total-sum standard.

Lake Michigan

Establish binding agricultural nitrate buffer zones around chalk aquifer recharge areas. Invest in aquifer mapping to identify vulnerable zones before contamination events occur.

Limestone aquifer groundwater

Install advanced oxidation for pharmaceutical and PFAS removal at Anconella; strengthen Prato industrial PFAS controls; invest in Arno flood resilience for water infrastructure; clarify governance accountability in Publiacqua public-private structure.

Arno River and Apennine aquifers

Protect Castelo do Bode catchment from encroachment. Invest in distribution network capacity for post-2019 population levels. Address Tagus quality degradation from Spanish upstream discharges through bilateral treaty. Fund lead pipe replacement survey in pre-1960 buildings.

Castelo do Bode reservoir (70%

Strengthen Rhône and Ain catchment pharmaceutical standards; consider water remunicipalisation

Rhône river (70%)

Accelerate climate adaptation planning for Guadarrama snowpack decline. Invest in aquifer recharge schemes for drought resilience. Complete lead pipe replacement in pre-1980 southern Madrid distribution network.

Sierra de Guadarrama reservoirs: Manzanares

Consider remunicipalisation of PVK; strengthen PFAS monitoring; reduce agricultural nitrate in Žejlivka catchment

Želivka reservoir (Bohemian Massif

Fund remaining Soviet-era pipe replacement. Establish binding catchment nitrate reduction targets with upstream municipalities. Publish monthly rather than annual quality data at district granularity.

Daugava River (primary surface water source) and

Achieve 80% tap water trust by 2030 through continued Arisu brand investment and school-based education. Mandate PFAS disclosure from Gyeonggi semiconductor manufacturers with upstream Han River monitoring enforcement. Upgrade Seoul WWTP to advanced oxidation for pharmaceutical removal, prioritising metformin and hormone compounds. Extend real-time water quality open data to all 180+ tested parameters.

Han River (primary)

Publish real-time distribution quality data by district. Fund systematic replacement of pre-1980 cast iron pipes. Establish independent water quality oversight body outside city administration.

Lake Ladoga via Южная (Southern) Water Treatment

Establish PFAS remediation programme for Ülemiste catchment legacy sites. Extend real-time monitoring to household-level tap sampling in pre-1970 apartment buildings.

Ülemiste Lake (surface water

Establish legally binding Canadian drinking water standards replacing advisory guidelines. Accelerate lead service line replacement. Negotiate binding Great Lakes microplastic reduction targets with US federal government.

Lake Ontario

Phase out chlorine for UV/ozone; strengthen PFAS monitoring framework; Vistula agricultural nitrate catchment protection

Vistula river (main

VATTEN demands the NWSDB publish monthly distribution-point compliance data disaggregated by district, establish a binding upstream source protection zone on the Kelani above Ambatale intake, and set a 10-year target to reduce non-revenue water losses to below 15%.

Colombo's primary water supply derives from the

Negotiate binding upstream PFAS source controls into Dongjiang purchase agreement. Complete public housing plumbing lead survey and replacement programme. Adopt EU 2026 PFAS sum standard (total PFAS ≤500 ng/L) as formal HK regulatory limit. Reform water pricing to reflect actual per-capita consumption and incentivise conservation. Expand seawater toilet flushing to new territories to reduce freshwater dependency.

Dongjiang (East River) from Guangdong

Complete lead service line replacement on accelerated timeline, not multi-decade. Institute road salt reduction programme to halt chloride creep in the St. Lawrence. Strengthen federal-provincial-municipal coordination for source water protection across the whole watershed. Adopt conservative PFAS monitoring aligned with 2024 EPA limits, not Health Canada's more permissive guidelines.

St. Lawrence River (100%)

Complete lead service line replacement by committed 2031 date. Repair Delaware Aqueduct fully. Fund real-time public water monitoring dashboard. Expand PFAS testing to all distribution zone sampling points.

Catskill/Delaware watershed (90%) and Croton wat

Establish independent water quality monitoring. Enforce nitrate limits in Danjiangkou catchment. Cap groundwater extraction. Publish real-time data.

Danjiangkou Reservoir via South-North Water Dive

Mandate renewable energy for desalination. Implement mandatory conservation. Publish real-time monitoring data. Develop 50-year water resilience strategy independent of hydrocarbon revenues.

100% desalinated seawater via Ras Abu Fontas A

Mandate renewable energy transition for all desalination. Publish real-time monitoring data. Implement binding per-capita conservation targets. Develop non-desalination backup supply. Create independent water regulatory body.

100% desalinated seawater via NWC pipelines from

Mandate continuous supply to all formal city zones. Require non-revenue water reduction to below 25% within 5 years. Depoliticise utility management. Publish real-time quality and supply data. Subsidise piped connections to informal settlements.

Legedadi and Dire dams on the Ethiopian plateau

Halt galamsey in the Densu catchment — enforce existing law. Reduce non-revenue water losses to below 20%. Mandate renewable energy backup for water treatment during load-shedding. Extend piped supply to informal settlements. Publish real-time monitoring data. Implement advanced treatment for pharmaceutical removal.

Weija (Densu River) + Kpong (Volta River) treatm

Accelerate National Water Carrier completion. Mandate non-revenue water reduction to below 30%. Halt Disi Aquifer over-extraction with binding drawdown limits. Secure international climate finance for water-scarce refugee infrastructure. Implement demand-side pricing to reduce per capita consumption among high-use households.

Zarqa River basin (Zai Treatment Plant)

Rebuild public trust through transparent real-time data. Address Chao Phraya wastewater treatment to reduce estradiol and pharmaceutical loads. Develop managed aquifer recharge programme to slow city subsidence.

Chao Phraya River (Bang Khen intake) + Pa Sak Re

Commission independent lead pipe survey of all pre-1970 residential buildings. Publish real-time water quality monitoring data online. Establish emergency upstream pollution response protocol with Danube Basin riparian states.

Sava and Danube riverbank filtration via the Ada

Remunicipalise Apa Nova upon concession expiry; mandate pharmaceutical removal technology at Ogrezeni; publish real-time pipe condition data by district; accelerate lead pipe replacement in pre-1989 buildings; strengthen Argeș catchment agricultural controls.

Argeș River (Ogrezeni treatment plant

Complete lead pipe replacement in historic districts. Address agricultural pesticide inputs to Plata basin. Implement advanced treatment for pharmaceutical removal. Publish real-time data.

Río de la Plata via AySA (Aguas y Saneamientos A

Mandate advanced tertiary treatment for pharmaceutical and hormone removal. Establish Dong Nai River watershed protection zones with enforcement. Replace asbestos-cement mains citywide. Develop tidal barrier infrastructure against saltwater intrusion.

Dong Nai River (Thu Duc intake) + Saigon River (

Accelerate treatment capacity expansion. Implement real-time monitoring. Resolve municipal budget conflict. Establish binding microplastic standards for Bosphorus-adjacent catchments.

Ömerli Reservoir

Implement advanced oxidation for pharmaceutical removal. Resolve federal-state investment framework. Publish real-time quality monitoring. Address catchment protection from industrial chemical incidents.

Klang Valley river system + Semenyih

Eliminate partial privatisation: water infrastructure is public good not investment asset. Accelerate pipe replacement to meet 2030 target. Mandate real-time public quality data. Fund complete lead pipe survey in pre-1960 buildings.

Castelli Romani springs (60%

Legislate against drought-unresponsive reservoir management. Mandate full sewage treatment. Remove atrazine from permitted agricultural chemicals. Build climate redundancy.

Cantareira System (Jaguari

Mandate lake restoration as groundwater recharge infrastructure. Replace pre-1980 distribution mains on a decade schedule. Establish inter-state water security fund with Tamil Nadu. Deploy real-time network monitoring across all zones.

Cauvery River (T.K. Halli intake) + supplementar

VATTEN demands the Moroccan government establish binding water allocation limits for agricultural extraction from the Oum Er-Rbia basin above Daourat reservoir, extend LYDEC concession obligations to cover informal settlements in the Greater Casablanca Region, and enact national PFAS monitoring standards consistent with EU guidance values.

Casablanca draws primarily from the Oum Er-Rbia

VATTEN demands HAWACO publish real-time turbidity and arsenic data for all treatment plants, fund systematic replacement of pre-1954 lead service pipes in the Old Quarter, and establish enforceable industrial discharge limits upstream of all drinking water intakes.

Hanoi draws from two primary sources: the Red Ri

Renationalise or impose genuine public-interest governance on Thames Water. Fund complete lead pipe survey and replacement programme. Mandate real-time water quality data publication. Set legally binding PFAS limits and remediate Heathrow groundwater contamination.

River Thames (75%) and River Lee (25%)

Publish independent third-party water quality audits; align standards progressively with WHO and EU DWD; accelerate lead pipe replacement; install advanced pharmaceutical removal at Rublyovskoye and Severnaya stations; strengthen upstream industrial controls on Moskva River basin; provide district-level transparency on distribution pipe age and condition.

Moskva River and Volga basin reservoirs: Rublyov

Publish daily water quality data like Stockholm. Fund complete lead pipe replacement — including internal building plumbing, not just street-level pipes. Enforce PFAS remediation upstream. Set legally binding agricultural buffer zones around Seine tributaries.

Seine River (50%)

Demand binding EU limits on PFAS industrial discharge upstream in the Rhine catchment. Invest in advanced PFAS nanofiltration to reduce dependence on natural attenuation by dunes alone.

Rhine/Meuse via dune filtration at Waternet Amst

Accelerate lead pipe replacement in pre-1978 housing; review fluoridation policy against EU scientific consensus; build backup reservoir for Vartry system.

Vartry reservoir (County Wicklow)

Emergency treatment capacity expansion. End informal vendor monopoly in settlements with subsidised piped supply. Mandate revenue accountability. Protect Nairobi River from industrial discharge.

Ruiru and Sasumua dams (Kikuyu Escarpment) + Kab

Establish binding Australian PFAS limits for drinking water. Enforce Department of Defence remediation liability for RAAF base contamination. Invest in Shoalhaven River and alternative source development to reduce single-dam dependency.

Warragamba Dam (Hawkesbury-Nepean watershed

Mandate binding zero-discharge standards for all Dhaka River basin industries with criminal liability for directors. Fund universal piped supply to all Dhaka sub-districts by 2030. Expand arsenic-safe deep aquifer network with mandatory testing. Reduce non-revenue water to below 20% with metered connections. Establish independent river water quality regulator outside Ministry control.

Buriganga and Shitalakhya rivers (Saidabad Water

Enforce Caffaro PFAS aquifer remediation with legally binding timelines. Adopt Swiss individual compound PFAS limits (0.3 ng/L) as precautionary standard. Upgrade Po Plain WWTP systems with advanced oxidation for pharmaceutical removal. Invest in navigli canal catchment restoration as both cultural heritage and water quality buffer.

Po Plain aquifer (groundwater wells

VATTEN demands the Government of Sindh publish monthly KWSB distribution-point microbiological data for all districts, complete the K-IV project without further delay, and establish independent regulation of the tanker water market with mandatory quality testing.

Karachi draws from two principal sources: Hub Da

Emergency aquifer recharge programme. Replace cracked distribution mains. Enforce nitrate limits. Subsidise connection for informal settlements. Treat surface water leaks as emergency infrastructure.

Cutzamala System + Mexico Valley aquifer (over-e

Fund a credible 30-year source diversification plan — desalination, Everglades restoration, deep well injection — before saltwater intrusion makes the Biscayne Aquifer unusable. Mandate PFAS treatment to comply with 2024 EPA limits. Require Florida state government to use actual sea-level rise projections in infrastructure planning.

Biscayne Aquifer

Mandate sewage treatment upgrades to remove pharmaceuticals. Replace lead distribution mains. Extend 24-hour supply to all areas. Publish zone-level quality data in real time.

Vihar

Publish real-time water quality data. Diversify beyond desalination. Mandate energy transition to renewables for water production. Cap per-capita consumption.

Reverse osmosis desalination of Arabian Gulf sea

Remunicipalise water supply; PFAS industrial corridor remediation; source-to-tap Llobregat protection plan.

Llobregat river (65%) via El Prat desalination p

Enforce full 3M PFAS remediation liability. Establish binding nitrate buffer zones around Walloon source water catchments. Accelerate replacement of pre-WWII distribution infrastructure in Brussels historic centre.

Mixed: Vesdre river catchment (treated)

Immediately fund universal connection programme to eliminate water truck dependency. Mandate full lead pipe and fixture replacement in SEDAPAL distribution network. Fund and enforce La Oroya watershed remediation. Commission a serious climate adaptation study — Lima cannot continue to depend on disappearing glaciers without a replacement source plan. Adopt PFAS monitoring standards. Make supply continuity (no cortes) a binding service commitment.

Río Rímac (75%) from Andean glaciers and high-al

Mandate advanced oxidation for pharmaceutical removal. Halt Nile wastewater dumping. Establish independent regulatory body. Publish real-time monitoring data.

Nile River (Rosetta Branch via Nile Barrages)

Immediately remediate PFAS-affected sources to comply with 2024 EPA limits. Fund complete lead service line inventory and replacement. Invest in advanced treatment for pharmaceutical and drug removal. Ratify realistic Colorado River allocation that reflects actual flow, not 1922 fantasy.

Colorado River (50%) via Metropolitan Water Dist

Universal piped water access plan with binding timeline. Replace colonial-era mains. Fix revenue collection. Publish monitoring data. Mandate advanced treatment for pharmaceutical removal.

Oyan Lake (primary) + groundwater boreholes via

Complete all Yamuna sewage treatment plants. Replace lead mains citywide. Institute real-time pharma monitoring. Implement advanced oxidation processes for antibiotic removal.

Yamuna River (Upper Ganga Canal) via Delhi Jal B

Emergency borehole replacement programme with piped supply — only way to stop subsidence. Enforce Citarum industrial discharge limits. Replace cracked mains. Transfer concessions to accountable public operator.

Citarum River (Jatiluhur Reservoir) + Ciliwung R

VATTEN demands the Lebanese state — in whatever form it can muster — commission an independent PFAS contamination assessment of all port-area water infrastructure, publish it publicly, and accept international technical assistance to remediate. This is not a water demand. It is a demand that the state remember it exists.

Beirut's formal water supply draws from Jeita Sp